And hardware continues to change for input/output (I/O) virtualization, as well (see resources on the right to learn about Peripheral Controller Interconnect passthrough and single- and multi-root I/O virtualization). New processors incorporate advanced instructions to make guest operating systems and hypervisor transitions more efficient.
Hardware continues to change with virtualization.
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Device emulation in full virtualization and paravirtualization environments The downside to the paravirtualization approach is that the operating system is aware that it’s being virtualized and requires modifications to work. In the paravirtualization scheme, the guest and the hypervisor can work cooperatively to make this emulation efficient. Although the emulation is clean at this abstraction, it’s also the most inefficient and highly complicated. In the full virtualization scheme, the hypervisor must emulate device hardware, which is emulating at the lowest level of the conversation (for example, to a network driver).
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Conversely, in paravirtualization, the guest operating system is not only aware that it is running on a hypervisor but includes code to make guest-to-hypervisor transitions more efficient (see Figure 1). The guest is unaware that it is being virtualized and requires no changes to work in this configuration. In full virtualization, the guest operating system runs on top of a hypervisor that sits on the bare metal. Let’s start with a quick discussion of two distinct types of virtualization schemes: full virtualization and paravirtualization. Rather than have a variety of device emulation mechanisms (for network, block, and other drivers), virtio provides a common front end for these device emulations to standardize the interface and increase the reuse of code across the platforms. One of the taxes is virtualization of devices. Having these different hypervisor solutions on Linux can tax the operating system based on their independent needs. Examples include the Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM), lguest, and User-mode Linux.
As my article on Linux as a hypervisor showed, Linux offers a variety of hypervisor solutions with different attributes and advantages. The focus is on the virtio framework from the 2.6.30 kernel release. This article begins with an introduction to paravirtualization and emulated devices, and then explores the details of virtio. virtio was developed by Rusty Russell in support of his own virtualization solution called lguest. In a nutshell, virtio is an abstraction layer over devices in a paravirtualized hypervisor.
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